Hunting is to track up and trap or capture wild animals and birds, which can be used of providing food or clothing, or otherwise prove beneficial for the hunter. Hunting may also serve to control a wild population, for example, to limit or prevent damage to pasture. In the industrialized part of the world is no longer a need to hunt to grow food and clothes, so there is hunting a more or less controversial hobby with great economic significance for many.

Background

In Greek mythology is Artemis known as goddess of the hunt, or the virgin moon goddess of hunting, healing, chastity and childbirth and protector of wildlife and wilderness. Artemis was also known as hunting goddess Diana in Roman mythology.

Man’s hunting instinct was originally motivated by the need for food, where human diet should have a certain element of meat from mammals , birds or fish. For millennia the people were hunters and gatherers who moved around with the seasons and the prey they hunted. In Europe followed these these hunters caribou migration northward, as the ice retreated after the last Ice Age. Thus Scandinavia populated but settled these people were only much later. In Norway and Europe have found a variety of evidence for such weighted cultures, including the discovery of petroglyphs and cave paintings.

It was thought that the Sami were among the hunter-gatherers who settled in northern Europe, but although there are a number of evidence that hunter-gatherers were settled, so can not this evidence without further attributed the Sami weighed culture before further year 0. Hunting has always been an essential part of the livelihoods of primitive peoples, while hunting in modern society more is to be considered as a sport or hobby.

In the 1900s the supply of this type of food industrially organized , and the need to “go hunting” is less applicable in many places in the world . Still however looking a primary need for many, but in industrialized countries meets the hunt only a secondary need, that desire outdoor activities and social interaction with peers. Where will the cost of participating in hunting often exceed savings, and only rarely are today people who make their living by hunting. On the other hand, we find increasingly industries that organizes different types of hunting fee. Until the 1970s there has also been extensive hunting called pests.

Hunting and trapping 

Hunting can be divided into many ways, but it has become common to distinguish between small game and big game hunting . Small game hunting on smaller mammals and birds up to the size of a deer , which in itself is not considered small game in Norway. Big game hunting is hunting of large mammals, such as larger deer , bovinae , elephants and large carnivores like bears and big cats .

One form of hunting is also called hunting , a hunting form which today mainly deals with commercial exploitation of fish and marine mammals . Fishing , whaling and seal hunting are examples of this hunt form, as in earlier times also largely dealt with the capture of fur . This sector, however, has mostly been taken over by so-called fur farming .

Hunting Weapons

Weapons for hunting can be summarized as hunting weapons . Today we use any long firearms of a rifle and shotguns when hunting, but in many cultures, it is still common to use more primitive types of weapons, such as spears , buevåpen , sling , slingshot and various bladed weapons or poison , traps and snares . In some forms of trophy hunting , it is also common to use primitive weapons. Also specially trained dogs and birds of prey can be used and is still used in some places.

In Norway regulated any use of weapons of the Firearms Act . ^[3]

Hunting Forms

There are many ways to hunt. One can hunt alone or with other people and animals. There is reason to believe that the dog, which is also known as man’s best friend , was domesticated hunting purposes. Man has also tamed and trained many animals for the same reason, such as raptors and cheetah . Many animals have also been domesticated for that man should not have to go hunting, for example, sheep , goat , pig and cattle .

Driven hunts

Driven hunts are a hunting form that dates back to the Stone Age . The principle is to operate (chase) furiously with the other hunters who have positioned themselves in the terrain in advance. One or more hunters are going through a restricted area of the terrain to drive any animal against records. Hunting shape is typical for including moose . To drive hunting can also use the so-called driving dogs to chase wildlife from hunters.

The challenge of hunting scenes lies primarily in predicting how animals’ escape route will go. Many hunters use so much time examining the terrain in advance to find the best records . There may be a wildlife corridors or a natural cleft in the terrain that ensures animal hide. The animals know which rule the terrain well and hunter should look for well-worn wildlife corridors or other clues that indicate that the animals select just the escape route. Even animals that do not know the terrain will of instinct follow certain patterns in the choice of the escape route. In many cases, choosing animals still an entirely different route than the hunter saw as logical, especially happens with very stressed animals. It is common to go against the wind so that the animals can not be human before they see or hear the drivers.

There is no equally high standards of care in post understatement hunting such by råbukkjakt . This is because the animals flee from danger and thus are not as aware of other hazards.

In countries with high poverty and hunting is an exclusive tourist industry, such as in Hungary , Slovakia and Poland , it is common for poor working hunting promoters to drive animals through the forest from hunters who have paid for the hunt. This occurs rarely or never in Norway , because mostly all hunting organized by the hunters themselves or possibly with a hunting guide or a local historian.

Clergy Hunting

Clergy Hunting is a particularly fast form of hunting scenes where rapid clergy dogs running after quarry to impose it themselves (ie without the use of weapons), but such hunting is no longer permitted in Scandinavia and many other industrialized countries . Hunting mold is of more claimed to be a form of blood sport , but it is still both ordinary and necessary (to grow food) in many places in the world.

The most typical hunting dogs for coursing are greyhounds , because these are very fast and like to have a better developed vision than other breeds , but also quick hounds and terriers are used to some extent. Hunting mold is by some considered a blood sport , but many places (for example in Asia , Africa and South America ) is the essential for people to be able to survive.

Parforsejakt 

Parforsejakt or parforcejakt (the French couple Force = violence, sake) is a type coursing where a hunting party of hunters hunting red fox (in earlier times, other mammals ) from horseback and use a leash for dogs, traditionally of breed foxhound or another fast dust type who chases the herd , to seek up and clergy red fox to the animal becomes exhausted and crashing.

Hunting form has been particularly popular in Britain in the aftermath of World War II , but it is also done with parforsejakt in many other countries. As a rule, the fox killed by dogs tear it to shreds, but originally it was the person with the highest rank who had the right to kill prey, usually with dagger . Hunting form is banned in most industrialized countries and are often considered a blood sport.

Falkoneri

Falconry is a form of coursing. Birds of prey can be addressed to clergy small game and other birds. It is especially eagles and falcons used, often hunting falcon or golden eagle . The act called falkonering , and those who are doing this is called falkonerere .

Falkoneri had high status in Europe during the Middle Ages , but is now uncommon and often illegal. However, there are still falconry in some European countries, such as Britain and Spain . In several countries outside Europe is falconry still used to grow food. In other countries such birds actively to protect aircraft and airports , through the birds of prey chase away other birds that might otherwise have in jet engines for aircraft and cause major disasters .

Entice Hunting

Entice Hunting is a hunting form where the hunter uses a cap to deceive the quarry onto the end. Hunting shape is therefore best suited for territorial species, such as the Stag Hunting and fox hunting . Lure hunting also requires good knowledge of the species it should hunted.

Posting Hunting

Posting Hunting is a passive form of hunting where hunters make use of permanent seats (records) where animals often prefer or are easy to spot, such as the harvester and field borders, myrhalser etc. Many hunters also builds hunting towers or wooden cottages etc., to make life on post more comfortable and the chance to be discovered by quarry less. Otherwise, it is also customary to cover themselves in other ways. Posting Hunting can carry on with your own or with others. Among other things, a common form of hunting when hunting deer .

Slip Hunting 

Slip Hunting or stalk is a form of hunting where the hunter (usually alone) goes silent or “creeping” to discover and get in in the end of the game, without quarry discovers him. In Norway technique often on deer and deer . Hunting shape is independent of the organization or coordination of hunters and such terms, easy to perform, but it is required, however, very much of the hunter. Among other things, patience, wit and knowledge of wildlife vital for success. Cervids are extremely sensitive and attentive animal fear of man. They have a well-developed hearing and sense of smell and are generally always on guard for danger. They are also used to distinguish motion in the woods and have clearly by night vision . This means that it is an essential requirement hunter camouflage and conduct in the woods. It is crucial that the hunter goes against the wind, avoid moving in silhouette and avoids cracking twigs or rustle of leaves or skaresnø. Hunters should also dress in colors that match the surroundings he will be hunting in. Many people also choose to camouflage light complexion with camouflage colors or clothing. Hunters should also move quietly and secretly by vegetation.

Despite this, it happens relatively often that people encounter in animals almost seems tame. This may especially happen with females who have kids, but also vicious animals can be aggressive. Some, extremely brown ladder males can also be careless in their struggle to protect our territory its.

Crouching Hunting gives an advantage to the hunter because wildlife is usually ustøkket and therefore stationary. The hunter can then use plenty of time to observe the animal in advance and schedule them well. This provides significantly less risk of injury shooting or wrong shooting.

Shock Hunting

Fright hunting done by the hunter moves gently in the terrain and cane (scares) up wildlife. It is especially common with fright hunting grouse and grouse . Fright hunting requires good stamina, speed and good shooting skills, as well as local knowledge about where wildlife exists. Shock Hunting can be operated alone or with others. When one is more going one time in a row.

Top Hunting 

Top Hunting is hunting for grouse, primarily capercaillie and black grouse as graze treetops, with rifle. Top Hunting is conducted preferably in the winter and often on skis , when there is snow . The snow is forcing the birds up in the trees in search of food. Top hunting can be advantageously operated with threaded shells to dogs .

Top Hunting was long banned in Norway, but has a long tradition in our neighboring countries, Sweden and Finland . From 1993 hunting shape also allowed again in Norway. Criticism of the top hunting has been that the use of rifle represents a risk to humans, animals and property. Many also have meant that grouse hunting with rifle taxing strain too hard.

Fatigue Hunting

Fatigue Hunting is the easiest of hunting, and probably oldest. This is a weaponless persecution hunting. It builds on the fact that man is able to fuse off for a long time without overheating, while prey enough run faster, but then over short distances and with the need to get rid of excess heat before the next demand. Hunters from Khoisan -People in southern Africa may impose gazelles and zebras in this way, simply by following the trail of a single animal. Same hunting form used by indigenous people in Australia who hunt kangaroos .

Trophy Hunting

Trophy hunting is not a hunting form but arguably hunting wild animals, like the (former and in some circles still) give high status to have fields, but there killed game not primarily providing food or intended to create economic profit for the hunter. The reason why this hunt form called trophy hunting is that the head of the quarry as a rule were cut off and stuffed , as proof.

Poaching

Poaching or fawn hunting is term used to describe illegal hunting of animals. The hunters therefore called poachers. The causes of poaching is one of economic character.

Poaching is known throughout the world, including in Norway . Many places make up this hunt form a real threat to the species’ existence, such as in Africa and Asia , where, among other elephants and rhinoceros hunted illegally because of the value ivory has. Poaching is conducted also as trophy hunting , although this was more common in the past. Also traditional eastern medicine requested threatened species , such as tiger , leading to increased poaching of economic reasons.

Hunting Dogs

Hunting dogs are typically dogs that can be grouped as driving dogs , scaly dogs , flushing dog , standing bird dogs and retrieving dogs . These are dogs that essentially primarily use their sense of smell, secondary hearing and sight.

The dog’s usefulness in hunting is significant, because the dog’s senses in many areas far exceeds human. Dogs have in this respect very much better sense of smell and hearing , and is therefore better at orienting themselves with these senses. Through training and experience can therefore hunter and dog work together to detect and trap wild. Different dog breeds have different assumptions as hunting dogs, therefore one can not claim that a particular race is best to hunt a particular species or group of animals.

Hunting Equipment

Hunting Equipment is equipment hunter uses to promote the hunt, including make hunting safer, more comfortable or successful. In addition to various types of weapons and ammunition covered hunting gear of lure gear, camouflage clothing and footwear, communications equipment, GPS or map and compass, safety equipment and other useful tools hunter may need. Such equipment includes equipment that could be useful for any hunting dogs such as dog hone hunting rug, hunting collars, track lines and unlike Harness and booties or hundesko.

Hunting and trapping in Norway

Hunting and fishing rights

Hunting and fishing rights is part of landowner rights , exclusive rights as in Norway and most other countries belong to the landowner , and thus not covered by the special Norwegian public right . Hunting and trapping can only be operated with the permission of the landowner, although this is identical to the state. An exception is the so-called free pursuit of ocean and inlet . There you hunting occur without permission, outside the boundary between sea and land.

Samples and fees 

In Norway, everyone who wants to hunt wild game have passed the hunting test and have paid annual hunting tax to the state. In addition, hunters who shall hunt big game with a rifle or combination weapon pass a shooting proficiency test for big game every year. Hunters who will be involved in so-called permissions to kill must be in the Register of Hunters and have passed the hunting test and annual shooting test for big game hunters, and have paid the hunting tax for the current hunting season.

Statistics 

It listed over 427,500 hunters in Norwegian Norwegian Register, of which 7,100 are foreign people. 196,300 paid hunting for hunting year 2008/2009, of which 13 100 women . Of these 193,200 residents in the country. Akershus county topped the statistics with 18,400 paying persons. ^[4]

Wildlife Act

In Norway governed all hunting of LOV 1981-05-29 No. 38: Law on hunting and trapping of wildlife by 1981 or Wildlife Act that the law is also called. As a rule, all wild protected unless otherwise specified by law. Wildlife Act regulates all wild land mammals and birds , amphibians and reptiles . ^[5]

Act is that “wildlife and wildlife habitats should be managed so that the productivity and species diversity are maintained. Within this framework, wildlife may be harvested for the benefit of agriculture and outdoor recreation. ” Lowest administrative level is the municipal game boards. Raiders of the larger deer animals going in violence that is assigned quota for the number and class of animals that can be legally shared.

To hunt small game in Norway, you must be aged 16 or over, but you can participate in so-called training hunting small game from filling 14 years. It requires, however, the consent of their guardians. One can also just hunting under the supervision of a licensed hunter, who has 20 years of age and have paid hunter fee for the upcoming hunting season. To hunt small game alone before one reaches 18 must obtain police chief permission to bear arms, whether you should buy and own it yourself or borrow.

To hunt big game in Norway, you must be 18 years old, but one can be with the so-called training hunting small game from one turns 16. It requires, however, the consent of their guardians. One can also just hunting under the supervision of a licensed hunter, who has 20 years of age and have passed the shooting test for big game hunters and paid hunter fee for the upcoming hunting season.